RTU Syllabus Electrical Engineering 6th Semester 2023

Architecture and function of general computer system, CISC Vs RISC, Data types, Integer

Arithmetic – Multiplication, Division, Fixed and Floating point representation and arithmetic, Control unit operation, Hardware implementation of CPU with Micro instruction, microprogramming, System buses, Multi-bus organisation

System memory, Cache memory – types and organization, Virtual memory and its implementation, Memory management unit, Magnetic Hard disks, Optical Disks

Accessing I/O devices, Direct Memory Access and DMA controller, Interrupts and Interrupt Controllers, Arbitration, Multilevel Bus Architecture, Interface circuits – Parallel and serial port. Features of PCI and PCI Express bus.

80×86 Architecture, IA – 32 and IA – 64, Programming model, Concurrent operation of EU and BIU, Real mode addressing, Segmentation, Addressing modes of 80×86, Instruction set of 80×86, I/O addressing in 80×86

Introduction to pipelining, Instruction level pipelining (ILP), compiler techniques for ILP, Data hazards, Dynamic scheduling, Dependability, Branch cost, Branch Prediction, Influence on instruction set

VLIW Architecture, DSP Architecture, SoC architecture, MIPS Processor and programming

Review of the structure of a Power System and its components. Analysis of Power Flows: Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix. Real and reactive power balance equations at a node.

Load and Generator Specifications. Application of numerical methods for solution of nonlinear algebraic equations – Gauss Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods for the solution of the power flow

equations. Computational Issues in Large-scale Power Systems.

Swing Equations of a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus. Power angle curve. Description of the phenomena of loss of synchronism in a single-machine infinite bus system following a disturbance like a three–phase fault. Analysis using numerical integration of swing equations (using methods like Forward Euler, Runge-Kutta 4th order methods), as well as the Equal Area Criterion. Impact of stability constraints on Power System Operation.

Effect of generation rescheduling and series compensation of transmission lines on stability.

Turbines and Speed-Governors, Frequency dependence of loads, Droop Control and Power Sharing. Automatic Generation Control. Generation and absorption of reactive power by various components of a Power System. Excitation System Control in synchronous generators, Automatic Voltage Regulators. Shunt Compensators, Static VAR compensators and STATCOMs. Tap Changing Transformers. Power flow control using embedded dc links, phase shifters

Overview of Energy Control Centre Functions: SCADA systems. Phasor Measurement Units and Wide-Area Measurement Systems. State-estimation. System Security Assessment. Normal, Alert,

Emergency, Extremis states of a Power System. Contingency Analysis. Preventive Control and Emergency Control

Basic Pricing Principles: Generator Cost Curves, Utility Functions, Power Exchanges, Spot Pricing. Electricity Market Models (Vertically Integrated, Purchasing Agency, Whole-sale competition, Retail

Competition), Demand Side-management, Transmission and distributions charges, Ancillary Services. Regulatory framework.

Principles of Power System Protection, Relays, Instrument transformers, Circuit Breakers.

Review of Fault Analysis, Sequence Networks. Introduction to Overcurrent Protection and overcurrent relay co-ordination.

Directional, Distance, Differential protection. Transformer and

Generator protection. Bus bar Protection, Bus Bar arrangement schemes.

Computer-aided protection, Fourier analysis and estimation of Phasors from DFT. Sampling, aliasing issues.

CT/PT modeling and standards, Simulation of transients using Electro-Magnetic

Transients (EMT) programs. Relay Testing.

Effect of Power Swings on Distance Relaying. System Protection Schemes. Under-frequency, under-voltage and df/dt relays, Out-of- step protection, Synchro-phasors, Phasor Measurement Units and Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS). Application of WAMS for

improving protection systems.

Commercial and Non-commercial energy, primary energy resources, commercial energy production, final energy consumption, energy needs of growing economy, long term energy scenario, energy pricing, energy sector reforms, energy and environment, energy security, energy conservation and its importance, restructuring of the energy supply sector, energy strategy for the future, air pollution, climate change. Energy Conservation Act-2001 and its features.

Electricity tariff, load management and maximum demand control, power factor improvement, selection & location of capacitors, Thermal Basics-fuels, thermal energy contents of fuel, temperature & pressure,

heat capacity, sensible and latent heat, evaporation, condensation, steam, moist air and humidity & heat transfer, units and conversion.

Definition, energy audit, need, types of energy audit. Energy management (audit) approachunderstanding energy costs, bench marking, energy performance, matching energy use to requirement, maximizing system efficiencies, optimizing the input energy requirements, fuel & energy substitution, energy audit instruments. Material and Energy balance: Facility as an energy system, methods for preparing process flow, material and energy balance diagrams.

Electrical system: Electricity billing, electrical load management and maximum demand control, power factor improvement and its benefit, selection and location of capacitors, performance assessment of PF capacitors, distribution and transformer losses. Electric motors: Types, losses in induction motors, motor efficiency, factors affecting motor performance, rewinding and motor replacement issues, energy saving opportunities with energy efficient motors.

Overview of grid code technical requirements. Fault ride-through for wind farms – real and reactive power regulation, voltage and frequency operating limits, solar PV and wind farm behavior during grid disturbances. Power quality issues. Power system interconnection experiences in the world. Hybrid and isolated operations of solar PV and wind systems.

Maximum demand controllers, automatic power factor controllers, energy efficient motors, soft starters with energy saver, variable speed drives, energy efficient transformers, electronic ballast, occupancy sensors, energy efficient lighting controls, energy saving potential of each technology.

Review of emf and torque equations of DC machine, review of torque- speed characteristics of separately excited dc motor, change in torque- speed curve with armature voltage, example load torque-speed characteristics, operating point, armature voltage control for varying motor speed, flux weakening for high speed operation

Review of dc chopper and duty ratio control, chopper fed dc motor for speed control, steady state operation of a chopper fed drive, armature current waveform and ripple, calculation of losses in dc motor and chopper, efficiency of dc drive, smooth starting..

Review of motoring and generating modes operation of a separately excited dc machine, four quadrant operation of dc machine; single- quadrant, two-quadrant and four-quadrant choppers; steady-state operation of multi-quadrant chopper fed dc drive, regenerative braking

Control structure of DC drive, inner current loop and outer speed loop, dynamic model of dc motor – dynamic equations and transfer functions, modeling of chopper as gain with switching delay, plant transfer function, for controller design, current controller specification and design, speed controller specification and design

Review of induction motor equivalent circuit and torque-speed characteristic, variation of torque-speed curve with (i) applied voltage, (ii) applied frequency and (iii) applied voltage and frequency, typical torque-speed curves of fan and pump loads, operating point, constant flux operation, flux weakening operation, vector control of IM, Direct torque control of IM.

Review of three-phase voltage source inverter, generation of three- phase PWM signals, sinusoidal modulation, space vector theory, conventional space vector modulation; constant V/f control of induction motor, steady-state performance analysis based on equivalent circuit, speed drop with loading, slip regulation

Impact of rotor resistance of the induction motor torque-speed curve, operation of slip-ring induction motor with external rotor resistance, starting torque, power electronic based rotor side control of slip ring motor, slip power recovery

Discrete time signals and systems: Sequences; representation of signals on orthogonal basis; Representation of discrete systems using difference equations, Sampling and reconstruction of signals –aliasing; Sampling theorem and Nyquist rate

z-Transform, Region of Convergence, Analysis of Linear Shift Invariant systems using ztransform, Properties of z-transform for causal signals, Interpretation of stability in z-domain, Inverse z-transforms.

Frequency Domain Analysis, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Properties of DFT, Connvolution of signals, Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm, Parseval’s Identity, Implementation of Discrete Time Systems

Design of FIR Digital filters: Windowmethod, Park-McClellan’s method. Design of IIR Digital Filters: Butterworth, Chebyshev and Elliptic Approximations; Low-pass, Band-pass, Bandstop and High-pass filters.

Effect of finite register length in FIR filter design. Parametric and non-parametric spectral estimation. Introduction to multi-rate signal processing

Correlation Functions and Power Spectra, Stationary Processes, Optimal filtering using ARMA Model, Linear Mean-Square Estimation, Wiener Filter.

History of hybrid and electric vehicles, social and environmental importance of hybrid and electric vehicles, impact of modern drive-trains on energy supplies.

Hybrid Electric Drive-trains: Basic concept of hybrid traction, introduction to various hybrid drive-train topologies, power flow control in hybrid drive-train topologies, fuel efficiency analysis.

Electric Drive-trains: Basic concept of electric traction, introduction to various electric drivetrain topologies, power flow control in electric drive-train topologies, fuel efficiency analysis. Electric Propulsion unit: Introduction to electric components used in hybrid and electric vehicles, Configuration and control of DC Motor drives, Configuration and control of Induction Motor drives, configuration and control of Permanent Magnet Motor drives, Configuration and control of Switch Reluctance Motor drives, drive system efficiency.

Energy Storage: Introduction to Energy Storage Requirements in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Battery based energy storage and its analysis, Fuel Cell based energy storage and its analysis, Super Capacitor based energy storage and its analysis, Flywheel based energy storage and its analysis, Hybridization of different energy storage devices. Sizing the drive system: Matching the electric machine and the internal combustion engine (ICE), Sizing the propulsion motor, sizing the power electronics, selecting the energy storage technology, Communications, supporting subsystems

Energy Management Strategies: Introduction to energy management strategies used in hybrid and electric vehicles, classification of different energy management strategies, comparison of different energy management strategies, and implementation issues of energy management strategies.

Case Studies: Design of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Design of a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV).

Electrical Engineering 6th Semester Theory Marking Scheme

Electrical Engineering 6th Semester Practical & Sessional Marking Scheme

Curricular Activities