Solar storms are primarily triggered by solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Solar flares are intense bursts of radiation, while CMEs are massive eruptions of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun's corona.
Solar storms can have various effects on Earth's environment and technological infrastructure. They can disrupt satellite communications, GPS systems, power grids, and high-frequency radio communications.
One of the most noticeable effects of solar storms is the appearance of auroras, also known as the Northern and Southern Lights. When charged particles from the Sun interact with Earth's atmosphere, they create beautiful displays of light in the polar regions.
Solar storms can cause disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere, leading to increased radiation exposure for astronauts and airline crews flying near the poles or at high altitudes.
The electromagnetic energy released during solar storms can induce electric currents in long conductors such as power transmission lines, potentially causing power grid failures and blackouts.
Solar storms can also interfere with satellite operations and communication systems, leading to disruptions in navigation, weather forecasting, and satellite-based services.
The effects of solar storms on human health are still being studied. Some research suggests a correlation between solar activity and certain health conditions such as heart attacks, but the direct impact on human health is not yet fully understood.
Solar storms can disrupt radio wave propagation, affecting long-distance radio communications, including amateur radio operators and emergency communication systems.